Native Americans and Peyote Use Essay - 2214 Words

For better or worse, many societies of the modern world tolerate certain methods of self-intoxication. Despite the possibility of negative consequences, all the cultures of the world the consumption of substances like alcohol and tobacco are sanctioned under particular circumstances. All societies face the reality that significant proportions of mankind seek to the same time expressly criminalizing others. This irony is made more bizarre by the evidence that a myriad of rich cultural timelines can supply to demonstrate that there is reasonable historical precedence in existence to show the use of alternative forms of drugs being cultivated and utilized.(McKenna) The concept of an individual person deliberately changing their perception†¦show more content†¦By contrast, if the same group had discovered and ingested some hallucinogenic mushrooms, they would be compelled to confront and would surely have discussed and attempted to understand the nature of their otherworldly mushroom-induced encounters. Assuming that their neurochemistry was not so different from ours today, those occurrences would have been well beyond the bounds of their everyday experiences and vocabulary. They could easily have concluded that these plants were the residences of divinities or other spiritual forces. (Nichols) Not soon after the first Europeans set foot on American soil at the end of the fifteenth century, they began take note with varying degrees of fascination and revulsion of a strange indigenous custom psychedelic plant ritual. They were later to recognize this occurrence as an indispensable aspect of aboriginal religion and ritual in many parts of the New World. Intoxication by certain plants were ascribed supernatural powers by indigenous people. Hallucinations and the experience of Peyote are seen as not only a cosmic experience, but also a personal reflection life and its many lessons as well. The â€Å"Psychedelic† Peyote is a species of cactus that grows in regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It is most well-known forShow MoreRelatedIs Peyote A Spirit, And A Gift From God Who They Call The Great Spirit?1396 Words   |  6 Pagesforms of Peyotism center around the belief that peyote is a spirit, and a gift from God who they call the Great Spirit. The spirit empowers and connects us to our journey as people. Our lives are transforming journeys and peyote is a tool that can help guide and direct it. â€Å"It gives the individual a chance to re-evaluate their priorities. The head of the Peyote Way Church of God, which is a NAC organization stated †Through the Holy Sacrament Peyote, the communicant experiences a loss of selfishnessRead MoreEssay on Native American Tradition and Religion1319 Words   |  6 Pageshabitats in North America, different native religions evolved to match the needs and lifestyles of the individual tribe. Religious traditions of aborigina l peoples around the world tend to be heavily influenced by their methods of acquiring food, whether by hunting wild animals or by agriculture. Native American spirituality is no exception. Traditional Lakota spirituality is a form of religious belief that each thing, plant and animal has a spirit. The Native American spirituality has an inseparableRead MoreThe Decline Of The Native American Indians1607 Words   |  7 PagesPrior to the European invasion, the Native American Indians inhabited both North and South America, most of them living in areas beyond the reach of railroads and well-traveled highways. The Europeans and Native Americans met episodically through war, resulting in a clash of culture and social integration. Interestingly, during times of geographical expansion, the American government usually had their greatest interest in the Indians. The United States population doubled every twenty years betweenRead MoreCultural Impacts Of Native American Culture1559 Words   |  7 Pagesintertwined throughout out everything that Native Americans are. Their religion, way of survival, justice system, holistic views, and so much more, comprise their culture. Over the past 200 plus years, Native Americans have been subjected and forced to conform to European derived ideology. This has impacted Native Americans culture from a past, present, and future perspective. These perspectives will be addressed as well as combined into one. Native Americans have always been present throughout theRead MoreCases of Government Interference in A Citizen ´s Free Exercise of Freedom666 Words   |  3 Pagesbanned peyote, a hallucinogenic drug used by Native Americans. The Supreme Court deemed that the law was meant to protect people from the powerful drug and it was not intended to infringe on the Native American practice. The last situation in which a government can interfere with religious conduct is if the act is a danger to public safety. As mentioned before, a case, Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, came before the Supreme Court regarding the Native AmericanRead MorePeyote And The Native American Church. Peyote Is A Narcotic1839 Words   |  8 PagesPeyote and the Native American Church Peyote is a narcotic cactus plant that has been used in both religious and healing ceremonies of Native Americans for thousands of years. Peyote is considered safe by a majority of Native Americans, but also vastly important to their religious heritage. Not only is it considered historically important but the use of peyote is central to many beliefs of modern Pan-Indianism. Interestingly, the more popular peyote became among Native American tribes, the moreRead MoreThe Indian Claims Commission And The Civil Rights Movement806 Words   |  4 PagesGovernment and Native American tribes. It was established under the Indian Claims Act in 1946 by the United States Congress to hear claims of Indian tribes against the United States. According to Rosier (2003) the impetus to create the ICC came from three main sources. Native Americans and white political leaders had been calling for a commission separate from the backlogged U.S. Court of Claims since 1910. Assimilationists intent on ter minating federal guardianship of Native Americans hoped to eliminateRead MoreReligious Persecution Of Native American Religious Practice2467 Words   |  10 Pagesworld, here, in the United States the legal persecution of Native Americans for their use of peyote has been one of the most distinct. Another historical event, in the United States, was the legal discrimination against Mormons, in specific The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. While both cases have been historical, they have had very different outcomes from each other. Peyote is a sacred symbol in Native American religious practice. â€Å"For thousand of years the indigenousRead MoreEssay about Peyote and Native American Culture1763 Words   |  8 PagesPeyote and Native American Culture Peyote was originally described in 1560, however it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that botanists were able to conduct field research and correctly classify the cactus (Anderson, 1980). Field studies have concluded that there are two distinct populations of peyote which represent two species. The first and most common, Lophophora williamsii extends from southern Texas reaching south to the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. The second and leastRead MoreThe Native American Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesOne might not understand what makes one keep moving forward day after day. Nobody gets it unless they have lived in the footsteps of another. Ask any Native American. They have lived a life of others judging and misunderstanding and if they havent their ancestors have. The Native Americans pass stories down generation by generation so surely they have heard what it was like to be misunderstood. They believe differently than other cultures, yet not one is alike. They have a very complicated and hard

Essay on What Motivates Murdresses to Kill - 2069 Words

Serial Killer do not act on impulse. They are extremely organized and meticulously plan well thought out in order for them to commit their vicious crimes time and time again, as well as cover up all evidence for their actions. Serial killers, either male or female, are not born killers, they are made killers. For hundreds of years researchers have tried to understand how serial killers think. Researchers have narrowed down to three reason as to why they do the things they do. The first is socioeconomic factors, the second is biological factors, and the last is simply by individual choice. The truth is so so simple, but at the same time so puzzling. Researchers have even tried to see if there are any chromosome patterns to determine if it†¦show more content†¦According to Dr. Michael Welner (a forensic psychiatrist and professor at a New York University) â€Å"Both[serial killers and mass murders], surely, are simply multicides. The determining differential diagnostic featur e depends upon the identification of the psychological motivation of the killer. The mass murderer kills numbers of people for any one, or any combination of the normally recognised classic motives. The serial killer kills primarily for a compulsive sexual reason, often a repulsive one, Lustmord, although, just to make things more complicated, adjunctive benefits may, accidentally as it were, accrue .† A serial killer is a person who kills four people or more in a short period of time, then takes some time off to recuperate also known as a â€Å"cooling off† period. Please do not confuse a serial killer from a mass murdered. (A mass murderer murders one after the other after the other.) When undergoing an investigation, detectives can usually detect if the murderer was a male or a female. Males tend to be more violent than women. Women usually kill with poison, they try to make it look like an accident, so in another words, the female killer takes a different more subtle approach. Female serial killers follow different trends compared to the vast majority of male serial killers. The difference between male and female serial killers is that Men tend to kill and stalk victims (strangers), and women tend not to. Women

The Ethical Issues That Plague The Art World - 932 Words

What is visual art? Visual art refers to the expression of creativity through mixed media, installation art, paintings, and sculptures. Visual art is an important component of humanity because it evokes an emotional response from its viewers. An artist may be a child, a street bomber or me. A true artist has the ability to create and evoke an emotional connection with an individual or a group through a piece of art. Visual art involves a range of interpersonal and societal perceptions that broadens our experience and understanding of the world in which we live. Art also bridges the gap between cultural beliefs, practices and religion, and allows us to see ourselves, as well as, our community through a different lens. It enables us to imagine the unimaginable. However, the art community and its stakeholders need to consider the ethical issues that plague the art world. Ethics are the principles that guide an individual’s choice, while; ethical practices are rights and obligations that lead to the best possible outcome. In the art world ethics is based on accountability and trust. Therefore, I will take a glimpse at three categories, and expose the ethical issues from each category and describe the stakeholders’ dilemma. I will examine the cause and effects of communal responses toward art museums, public display of art, and art dealers and buyers. Ethics, Art, and Museums: This portion of the paper will reflect the ethical issues of public museums. PublicShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism : School College Of Health Science840 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: PLAGIARISM 1 PLAGIARISM 2 Plagiarism Robert Blakley Baptist College of Health Science Abstract The paper analyzes the existing ethical academic dilemma of applying plagiarism within diverse academic works by students in general and nursing students in particular. It presents particular examples of well-known plagiarism cases and allows properly evaluating the reasons and ways of avoiding any acts of intentional and unintentional plagiarism. It emphasizes the necessityRead MoreMaster Filmaker Akira Kurosawa1250 Words   |  5 Pagesfilmmaking are deeply impressed by the level of Kurosawas vision and his numerous film achievements. Also, the universal themes of ethics; and the humanism of Akira Kurosawas films made him a fantastic representation of Japans cultural reshaping post World War II. Mr. Kurosawas work is not confined by politics, age, or gender, but is shaped by the challenges of existence and being human. Born in 1910 to a family of samurai background; formally trained as a painter and deeply influenced by his brotherRead MoreThe Role of the Black Death in the Decline of Feudalism Essay2063 Words   |  9 Pagesendured. During the late 1340’s a plague fostered in Europe and began to take effect onto the feudal system in place. This plague was known as the Black Death and has been depicted as the most influential and devastating natural disaster that occurred in Western Europe. It swept over Western Europe in an extremely short time period, attacking not one particular person or group and devastated the region by killing one-third to half of the population. The plague caused such a dramatic loss in theRead MorePlagiarism And The Reasons College Students1618 Words   |  7 Pagesan unstable â€Å"solution†. It will also present alternative ideas to learning and measures to limit the need that students feel for plagiarism and promote personal creativity. Not only do we see this moral plague in academics, but in many other fields, such as entertainment, art, and the written world. Thus it can be explained as receiving an ownership on someone’s work without their permission and wit hout giving any credit to them intentionally or unintentionally. While I maintain this position, professorsRead MoreShould Any Limits Be Placed on Scientific Developments?1878 Words   |  8 Pages powered by his imagination and inquisitive character, has wondered he mechanisms of Nature since time infinite. This quest for the truth, the ways in which his surrounding works, has led to many a scientific discoveries and innovations. Since the art of making fire and creating handcrafted tools, our civilization has come a long way. Science and Technology are making advances at an amazing rate. From telephones to the Internet, calculators to computers, cars to rockets and satellites, we are submergedRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Strategies of War Planning and Business Planning. What Internal (Micro) and External (Macro) Environmental Factors or Forces Are Considered Important for the Success of Planning in Business and War?3106 Words   |  13 Pagesstrategies to plan and guide the direction of a business or the military operation. The premise r egarding the issue of strategies of war planning or business planning hinges on the use of these characteristics. The first critical element of leadership (military or business planning) is ethics. â€Å"Ethics is a set of values and rules that define right and wrong conduct.† Although ethical values may vary for the leader in a business as compared to a military organization, the core expectationsRead MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 Pagescommunities 8. Conditions for women in Mesopotamia * Grew increasingly worse over time 9. The division of the ancient people into social and gender hierarchies was first made possible by * Rise in agricultural production 10. Ethical monotheism was the tradition of the * Hebrews 11. Hammurabi’s code was based on the concept of â€Å"lex talionis† but the punishments were shaped by * The social standing of the accused 12. The Hittites who were the most influentialRead More Benifits Of Technology Essay example2999 Words   |  12 Pagespowered by his imagination and inquisitive character, has wondered he mechanisms of Nature since time infinite. This quest for the truth, the ways in which his surrounding works, has led to many a scientific discoveries and innovations. Since the art of making fire and creating handcrafted tools, our civilization has come a long way. Science and Technology are making advances at an amazing rate. From telephones to the Internet, calculators to computers, cars to rockets and satellites, we are submergedRead MoreEssay about HIV Vaccine Clinical Trials: The Standard of Care Debate 1827 Words   |  8 Pages In recent years, there has been much effort devoted to developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1. The vaccine clinical trials are typically held in these developing countries where HIV-1 prevalence is highest. The dilemma that continues to plague vaccine trials in developing countries pertains to the standard of care that should be provided to the participants who inevitably become infected with HIV-1 during the trial (Bloom, 1998). This standard of care debate revolved around topics suchRead MoreThe Benefits of Science and Technology3197 Words   |  13 Pagesby his imagination and inquisitive character, h as wondered he mechanisms of Nature since time infinite. This quest for the truth, the ways in which his surrounding works, has led to many a scientific discoveries and innovations. br brSince the art of making fire and creating handcrafted tools, our civilization has come a long way. Science and Technology are making advances at an amazing rate. From telephones to the Internet, calculators to computers, cars to rockets and satellites, we are submerged

Essay on The Benefits of Foreign Aid - 1625 Words

An enlarged, long-term program of economic assistance to the peoples of Free Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America is justified on this positive and constructive basis; it is in the interest of the United States that we and our children live in a world of independent, open societies, each developing its own version of political democracy...our enemy is poverty, despair, stagnation and the fear that only totalitarian methods can lift a poor agrarian society into sustained growth. Our task is to demonstrate in this generation that economic growth and human liberty can evolve hand in hand. President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961 President John F. Kennedy established the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) in†¦show more content†¦There are many Americans who live in poor conditions, and the United States should consider their needs first before considering the needs of foreign people. The destitute and penniless Americans have priority over the destitute and penniless foreigners. According to Senator Jesse Helms, Weve reached a place in our foreign policy that we need to concentrate on whats good for America and stop this business of handling out money to gonernments all over the world. Americas first priority should be towards the citizens of its nation. Tens of thousands of Americans are losing their jobs. In some states theres no gasoline for school buses, and rural children are staying at home. In many of Americas cities, water and sewer systems are cracking with age; whole sections of cities are beginning to look like sets for post-nuclear war films. Dangerous toxic-watse dumps remain dangerous because there is no money to clean them up. Too many Americans are hurting. (Reese A22) Another reason for not providing foreign is is due to the overpopulation of the world. There are too many people and not enough food to feed them with. The number of people outstrip the food supply, and helping them will only prolong their agony. According to John Harpers, author of What Libertarianism Is, Population growth is outstripping food production, ... the more people who are saved the more misery there will be in the long run. TheShow MoreRelatedForeign Aid Benefit Or Impairs A State Within The International Community1324 Words   |  6 Pages Elicia Alvarado 100244931 This essay will be discussing if Foreign Aid benefits or impairs a state within the international community. Foreign aid is essential for many states to survive. Foreign aid is a policy that highly developed countries (HDC’s), offer a range of support to less developed countries (LDC’s). There are many forms of aid from HDC’s. For example, the Marshall Plan was an American initiative enacted during World War II. This plan was developed to elevate statesRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages Giving Aid1521 Words   |  7 Pagesto (Andrew Page, 2005) Foreign Aid or Official Development Assistance (ODA) is a transfer of resources on concessional terms which are undertaken by official agencies. Mostly, the countries that receive foreign aid are usually developing countries. Poverty is the main focus of giving the foreign aid. This situation always happened to many countries due to the conditions where the people live and from that it will show the quality of living is poor among the people. Foreign aid is given to poor countriesRead MoreForeign Assistance For Foreign Aid1523 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough foreign aid has been going on for hundreds of years, it still remains a controversial topic. Many people have debated whether or not it actually either helps or harms nations. Foreign aid can help undeveloped states by providing education and health care. However, a drawback to foreign aid is that it can cause countries to become dependent and lead to corruption. Foreign aid is effective when countries don t try to use foreign aid for their own benefit and when coordination and accountabilityRead More What Foreign Aid Is Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Foreign Aid Is There are two words that many politicians like to shy away from, and those two words are, foreign aid. Taking a firm stand on either side of this topic is usually side stepped by decision makers. Their opinions are usually based on a case by case analysis. This extremely controversial topic involves whether or not to support the policy of foreign aid to needy or sometimes not so needy countries. What benefits does foreign aid have for the countries that receive itRead MoreA Survey Report On The World s Big Brother1741 Words   |  7 Pagesagreement with this attitude,This attitude has led many people to support the idea of an â€Å"Americans first† policy. Why send aid to governments that might even hate us when we can spend that money on our own poor? As Americans, and especially as Americans in the midwest, the violence and poverty that we hear about everyday is very distant, so we may misunderstand what foreign aid really means. Many of us don’t have ties to that hemisphere of the world. Try: â€Å"However, we are not immune from the experiencesRead MoreForeign Aid : A Long Track Record928 Words   |  4 PagesHelp Or Hindrance Foreign aid has a long track record. The biggest upside appears to be the injection of large sums of money into developing countries otherwise gripped by poverty, war and conflict. In theory, the funds should improve lives and raise people out of poverty, leading to sustainable growth and development. The unfortunate truth, however, is that foreign aid has often presented more challenges than opportunities to aid recipients. Aid has been mandated by government versus relying solelyRead MoreControversy Over the United States Providing Developmental Aid1190 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history and present day times, many countries such as Germany, France, and Canada have provided assistance and aid to underdeveloped countries to help alleviate poverty. The United States itself issues aid to developing countries which include Israel, Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia; this has been an American practice since 1947 after World War II. During the time period from 1947 to 1949 the Uni ted States, under the Marshall Plan, provided both financial and technical assistance toRead MoreThe World Enters A Globalized Age Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagestheir own, and aid from a greater international power can make a large difference in the economy and livelihood of developing countries. The United States, annually, donates somewhere between $30-50 billion to foreign aid, in an effort to help those nations that find themselves torn by war, disease, poverty, a lack of education, and a myriad of other problems. The question becomes one of what role does the United States play in foreign affairs, particularly that concerning foreign aid, and whetherRead MoreThe United States Should Stop Sending Aid For Foreign Countries Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pageshave different views, but they both had the same opinion that the United States should stop sending aid to foreign countries. In this essay my view is that the United States should stop sending aid to foreign countries. I will defend my view against poverty by discussing Garret Hardin and, James Shikwati views on poverty, and how the United States and other countries will benefit from not sending aid. Garret Hardin mentions environmentalists use the metaphor of Earth as a spaceship. People persuadeRead MoreReducing The Amount Of Foreign Aid Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesreduce the United States national debt include cutting foreign aid, reducing federal department spending, and eliminating tax breaks for the wealthy. First, cutting foreign aid, not completely, and only by half will eliminate 17 billion in spending. Reducing the amount of foreign aid does not necessarily mean depriving developing countries of resources they are dependent on. The perceived obligation for the United States to provide foreign aid may be reduced by greater donations from other countries

Acct 574 Case Study 1 - 1093 Words

THE PARMALAT SCANDAL The Parmalat situation started out as a fairly standard – although sizeable –accounting fraud. Not even the best auditors could prepare for what was to come from this company. The Parmalat group, a world leader in the dairy food business, collapsed and entered bankruptcy protection in December 2003 after acknowledging massive holes in its financial statements. This happened when billions of euros seem to have gone missing from the company’s accounts. This dramatic collapse has led to the questioning of the soundness of accounting and financial reporting standards as well as of the Italian corporate governance system. Parmalat, which is headquartered in the central Italian city of Parma, was, like most Italian†¦show more content†¦Most of the money that moved in, around and out of the company has since been traced, although the final destination of some of it is still unknown. Tanzi has admitted transferring some â‚ ¬500 million to family firms, but investigators say that up to â‚ ¬1.3 billion may have gone this route. Tanzi was sentenced to 10 years in prison for fraud relating to the collapse of the dairy group. The other seven defendants, including executives and bankers, were acquitted. Another eight defendants settled out of court in September 2008. In September 2009, three lawsuits by Parmalat Capital Finance Ltd. and Enrico Bondi, CEO of Parmalat, against Bank of America and auditors Grant Thornton, were dismissed. In an attempt to downplay the extent to which corruption and fraud have penetrated to the heart of global capitalism, commentators have seized on the fact that many of Parmalat’s former top executives are related to claim that the scandal is simply a case of a â€Å"family firm† failing to adhere to good corporate governance practices. Not surprisingly, Parmalat’s top executives are going along with this story, insisting they were only acting â€Å"under orders† from the padrone. The scandal, however, has engulfed other major firms. There are the accounting firms—Grant Thornton and Deloitte and Touche, and the banks—Citicorp and Bank of America. Citicorp is directly linked to the $1.5Show MoreRelatedSamsung and Financial Crisis Case Study11108 Words   |  45 Pagesdownloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network electronic http://ssrn.com/abstract=1605782 1 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1605782 1 Brand Attachment and Brand Attitude Strength: Conceptual and Empirical Differentiation of Two Critical Brand Equity Drivers May 12, 2010 C. Whan Park Joseph A. DeBell Professor of Marketing ACCT 306C Marshall School of Business University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-0403 Phone: 213-740-7107;Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 ResourceRead MoreCma Solutions63195 Words   |  253 Pagesselection of problems and cases as well as their solutions, most of which focus on a few related topics. Some, however, are teaching cases that integrate several Syllabus topics. You are cautioned that the set of illustrative questions in this material does not cover the entire range of Syllabus requirements. It would be a mistake to conclude that in the next CMA Entrance Examination the omitted topics are less important or less likely to occur than any other. CMA Canada 1 Entrance ExaminationRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesSons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, E-mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. To order books or for customer service, call 1-800-CALL-WILEY(225-5945). Montgomery, Douglas, C. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, Sixth Edition 978-0-470-16992-6 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Author Douglas C. Montgomery is Regents’ Professor of Industrial Engineering and Statistics and the Arizona State University Foundation ProfessorRead MoreCost Accounting134556 Words   |  539 PagesSolutions Manual for COST ACCOUNTING Creating Value for Management Fifth Edition MICHAEL MAHER University of California, Davis Table of Contents Chapter 1 Cost Accounting: How Managers User Cost Accounting Information Chapter 15 Using Differential Analysis for Production Decisions Chapter 2 Cost Concepts and Behaviour Chapter 16 Managing Quality and Time Chapter 3 Cost System Design: An Overview Chapter 17 Planning and Budgeting Chapter 4 Job Costing Chapter

Cyber-Community and Cyber-Identity-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Cyber-Community and Cyber-Identity. Answer: Undoubtedly one of the greatest inventions in the history of Mankind has been the internet as the ease through which any regular person is able to access it. The way in which people interacted and communicated has been indeed radically changed by the introduction of internet where even telecommunication is possible. The internet which had initially been invented for military used has in the contemporary world become became a general feature of almost all computer devices around the world. As the internet can be easily and widely accessed it has become a significant influence on the society and its individuals. I did not have much knowledge about the significance of cyberidentity and cybercommunity in the contemporary world. In had a perception that cyberidentity and cybercommunity are moderate in nature and do not possess any significant harm to the society. People have been provided a new platform through which they can express their views and find people who have similar perspectiv es as it would be difficult for them to do such activities easily without the use of the internet. According to Roberts Indermaur and Spiranovic (2013) cyber identity or Internet identity is a sort of social identity which uses of the Internet create an established in online websites and communities. Nakamura and Chow (2013) define cyber identity as the actively portrait presentation of one's personality. I thought that people always choose their real names to establish their Internet identity however in reality Internet users also prefer to be using different names and be anonymous through identifying themselves using pseudonyms unrevealing only certain kind of information through which personality can be identified. The relationship of the user with certain social group which they are a part of online can also be used to identify the server identity of a person. Through detailed study on cyber identity I got the knowledge that some people can also be deceptive in relation to their identity on the Internet. In few online context such as online chats massive multiplayer online gam es Internet forums Internet users Virtually represent themselves by selecting an avatar which is a graphical image size of icon. Choosing search avatars maybe a certain kind of way through which the Internet identity is established. Whether or not The Identity established over the Internet can be trusted is derived from the interaction of such identity with other users. The association of Cyber identity and community is mostly through authentication which generally needs login and registration. Tracking cookies and IP address are also used by a few websites to identify users. The principles in relation to Cyber identity and how emerging Technology influences it is a subject area of research in feels like psychology Sociology and education. One of the notable examples is the online this inhibition effect which refers to the concept of uninhibited and advise behavior over the Internet which establishes through audience gratification and anonymity. The Internet provides a space to the users through which they have the possibility of exposing and expressing their identities in a social context. For instance identity is defined by people through creation of user profiles in social networking sites like Twitter LinkedIn or Facebook. More tactic identities are defined when the individuals by providing opinions and blogs over search social networking sites. There may be a certain issues related to privacy with the disclosure of cyber identity. Strategies are adopted by many people through which they can control the disclosure of their personal identity over the Internet. Some of these strategies require significant investment of efforts. Carpenter, Steeves and Abzarian (2016) states that many questions have been raised among academic after the emergence of online identity concept. The concept of Identity have been complicated by online avatars and social networking services. A domain of scholarly research have been created by academ y for responding to such emerging trends such as technoself studies which emphasizes on technological societies and human identity. In the book building virtual communities Druckenmiller and Mittleman (2015) have explored online identity emphasizing on the concept of masking identity. It has been pointed out by then that a Mask of their identity is portrayed by individuals when way interact in social space. The situation is of no difference in online sites and become increasingly pronounced because of decisions Di mistake in relation to their online profiles. They have to answer specific questions in relation to user name address gender age and so on. In addition where once online identity has accrued The Mask of such person is defined by the way in which they write choose topic and vocabulary. The type of mass which is elected by a person over the Internet reviews little about the subject who has selected the mask. This might be called buy one as a metaphor of the mask. The actual identity of the person is not revealed by the online mask. However some hints of what actually lies behind the mask are revealed by i t. For instance weather person selects to act like a cricketer the metaphor would you be an interest in cricket. Where a person refers to hide behind the cyber identity it reveals about that lack of self-esteem and fear behind the false mask (Nakamura 2013). By studying the above literature my perspective about cyber community and cyber identity significantly changed. There is a deep study in relation to the identification of human beings which have recently emphasized on Internet identity. Just like people use a mask in the society they also do it over the Internet to portray themselves as one which they are not. Some people also use Internet identity to indulge in criminal activities and hide the real identity so that they can avoid being caught. I also got to know that the mask which people use with respect to Cyber identity and community they will something about the actual personality. Strategies are adopted by many people through which they can control the disclosure of their personal identity over the Internet. Some of these strategies require significant investment of efforts. A domain of scholarly research have been created by academy for responding to such emerging trends such as technoself studies which emphasizes on technolog ical societies and human identity. I got to know that internet identity is rapidly penetrating the Australian society and taking over the concept of social identity at a great pace. References Roberts, L.D., Indermaur, D. and Spiranovic, C., 2013. Fear of cyber-identity theft and related fraudulent activity.Psychiatry, Psychology and Law,20(3), pp.315-328. Druckenmiller, D.A. and Mittleman, D., 2015, January. A Design Theory for Digital Habitats: Building Virtual Communities of Practice. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 571-580). IEEE. Nakamura, L. and Chow-White, P. eds., 2013.Race after the Internet. Routledge. Nakamura, L., 2013.Cybertypes: Race, ethnicity, and identity on the Internet. Routledge. Carpenter, T.L., Steeves, D. and Abzarian, D., Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc, 2016.Trusted internet identity. U.S. Patent 9,325,705.

Role of Organizational Cultures Performance Value for Employ

Question: What Could Employees Behavior in ORG Cultures Performance ? Answer: Introduction Organizational cultures are accepted norms, shared values and signs that an organization has and employees behave according to them. Culture makes employees to behave in a similar manner that differentiate them from employees of another organization. Organizational culture forms a framework to dictate what is to be done and how it will be done. Culture of an organization develops with time. A culture of an organization can be described as the personality of the organization. Culture defines interactions and loyalty in the organization. Organization culture is influenced by owners, environment of operation, leadership style and the background of employees. Nowadays, organizational cultures are used to increase productivity of employees. Culture is used to shape perception, motivate, enhance attitudes and encourage learning in the organizations. A good culture leads to exceptional employees performance (Ahmad, 2012). It is the role of the management to create and sustain organizational culture that is in line corporate mission and vision. The management outline practices create symbols and endorse rituals that create organizational shared stories and assumptions becoming the organizations culture. Culture enables the organization to be stable, resolve differences, handle risks and together overcome barriers. The following report will analyze recent research on culture and it role to organizational performance using three journals. The journals will be analyzed simultaneously to understand the differences and similarities in; theoretical perspective, definitions, methodologies of research, results and interpretation of the study of culture and organization performance. The report will also outline application of the study in my place of work. Discussion The journals used in this discussion are; (1) The impact of organizational culture on organizational performance by Nikpour (2017), (2) The impact of organizational culture on management practices and by Ahmad (2012) and (3) The influence of organizational citizenship behavior to organizational performance by Mohanty and Rath (2012). These articles have research that has been conducted to study culture in the organization and it influence on performance. The following the comparison of the three articles; Similarities of the Articles Definitions: Mohanty and Rath (2012) defines organizational culture has a framework of shared attributes that an organization poses and determine organizational success. They added that organizational culture can either be strong or weak or can be used as a tool to give an organization a competitive advantage. In addition, Mohanty and Rath added that organizational culture dictates employees citizenship behavior and this determine the long term effectiveness in the organization performance. Ahmad (2012) defines organizational culture as a contextual factor in the organization of management practices that creates shared value, mission, involvement and adaptability for the business performance. Ahmad emphasis culture as part of management practices that is fundamental to organizing and leading in an organization by instituting jointly related mode of conduct. Nikpour (2017) defines organizational culture has shared principles, beliefs, values by members in an organization. He states th at organizational culture is as a result of; shared history, technology, mission and management style and country of origin. These factors create shared mental assumptions that give members of a particular organization to interpret and react in a certain way. From these definitions, it clear that there is similarity in implying that culture has to be a shared behavior in and organization. Methods: The three journal article uses the same data collection method. They use questionnaires to collect primary data from organizations. The questionnaires were designed to collect behavioral traits practiced in the organization and the response/ action that members take (Mohanty and Rath, 2012). The articles selected a sample size that they have used to carry out an organizational culture survey. Both research focused on cultural traits in the organizational and their impact to organizational performance in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Results: Nikpour (2017) found that organizational culture was correlated to organizational performance. He found that a positive organizational culture contributed to increased performance in an organization. Organizational culture was found to be having an impact on employees commitment to the organizational mission, involvement and strategies. Mohanty and Rath (2012) found that there is a correlated between the organizational culture and organizational citizenship. The result also showed that there is a correlation between the organization commitment and organizational performance. Ahmad (2012) found that there was a positive correlation between organizational culture and the management practices in an organization. He also found that there was correlation between the organizational cultural traits and organizational strategies, missions and objectives as implemented by the management. From the results of the three articles, it shows that there is a correlation between organizational culture, organizational citizenship and management practices and organizational performance. Interpretation: Ahmad (2012) interpreted his results of the research that all variables of organizational cultural traits have to be positive for organizational performance. He stated that management practices were complimentary to organizational culture. He concluded that the human resource management practices have impact on the organizational culture and therefore having effects on the organizational performance. Nikpour (2017) interpreted him finding that a relationship do exist between organizational culture, employee commitment and organizational performance. The results were interpreted that organizational culture has positive effect to employee willingness to organizational commitment. Organizational commitment leads to effectiveness and efficient that leads to increased employee performance in the organization. Nikpour (2017) concluded that employees commitment to organizational performance can be changed by designing or redesigning the organizational culture. Mohanty and Ra th (2012) interpreted their results that organizational culture inculcated organizational citizenship. Organizational culture impacted on employees citizenship behavior in the organization. They concluded that organizational culture is nurtured and should be based in the citizenship behaviors to enable commitment to the organizational performance. They viewed organizational culture to having a possibility to be strengthened and this can lead to improved organizational citizenship behaviors in the organization (Nikpour, 2017). Therefore, organizational culture shape organization citizenship behavior that increase commitment to organizational goals and objectives. From the result interpretation of the three journal articles, it similar that organizational culture was found and interpreted as a sharper of employees commitment, involvement, consistency and values of conduct in the organization. It also similar that organizational culture shapes behavioral traits in the organization that impact on the organizational performance. Differences of the articles Definitions: Mohanty and Rath (2012) emphasized that organization culture as a framework that forms basis for improving organizational effectiveness. The definition focuses on how organization culture shape organizational citizenship behaviors that leads to commitment to organizational performance. This is different to Nikplour (2017) who defined culture has the collection of shared beliefs, values and principles to employees who share organizational history, strategies , management style and country culture. Nikpour (2017) specified that organizational culture was shared assumptions that shaped interpretation and actions in the organization. On the other side, Ahmad (2012) definition was differentiated by the contextual factor that he attributed to organizational culture. He outlined that organizational culture has to be shared assumptions by both management and employees in the workplace. He recognizes organizational culture as shapeable and designable tool for sustained tool of in stituting change. Methods: Mohanty and Rath (2012) carried out a qualitative research to collect and analyze employee perceptions in the workplace. The research used a three varied scale of rating on the organizational culture and behavior on yes, no and cannot answer. The research was designed to collect employees perceptions on the study of organizational culture and organizational citizenship to organizational effectiveness. The research used a sample size of 344 employees from three different organizations operating in different Industries. Mohanty and Rath (2012) research used measure of central tendency and inter-correlations of the variables to analyze the data collected. Nikpour (2017) research was a descriptive research. The research used a sample size of 190 persons who were selected using Cochrans formula. The questionnaires used in the research were based on Likert Scale. The scale ranged from 1 to 5. Nikpour (2017) used SPSS and AMOS software to analyze the data collected. Ahmad (2012) st udy was an explanatory research design. The research used 60 em0ployees using random sampling technique. The Likert Scale was used to measure data collected by questionnaires. Data was analyzed by use of Pearson correlation that showed degree of linearity of the variables. One-Way ANOVA was also used to determine significance of relationships of the variables. Theoretical perspectives: Ahmad (2012) hypothesized that organizational culture plays a significant positive relationship with practices of performance management. He also hypothesized that organizational traits of involvements, adaptability lead to positive significant influence on practices of performance management. Nikpour (2017) hypothesized that organizational cultures do have an effect on organizational performance. Secondly, he hypothesized that organizational culture impacts organizational commitment to the employee. Lastly, he hypothesized that organizational members commitment has impact on the performance of the organization. Mohanty and Rath (2012) hypothesized that there is positive relationship between organizational citizenship behavioral traits and organizational culture. They also hypothesized that organizational cultural factors have positive influence organizational citizenship behavior for the performance of tan organization. Reconciliation of the Articles The journal articles have based their studies on different settings. The workplaces used have different requirement and code of conduct. It shows that the organizational culture is attributed to performance and organizations success. The data used for the study based on individual perceptions and therefore the research results are based on perceptions of the employees in the workplace. Though the journals have used different research designs, methodologies and theoretical perceptive, it clear that organizational culture has an impact to performance and plays a center role in the human resource management. Integration of the Articles From the articles studies; organizational culture has an impact to organizational citizenship. Organization culture is shaped or designed to enhance positive organizational citizenship behavior traits in the organization. Organizational citizenship increase employees commitments in the organization by enabling them to be involved, consistent and dedicated to their job. Performance management practices have an impact to the organizational culture by creating objectives, instituting missions and dictating code of conduct. Therefore, organizational culture is an important aspect in an organization for positive significant performance and business success. Application of the Articles The journal synthesis has exposed me in different perspectives of organizational culture. I will apply the knowledge gained in supervising employees in a workplace. I will use performance management practices to create and shape an organizational culture that will increase employees commitment, involvement, consistency and adaptability in order to increase organizational performance. I will also promote organizational citizenship behaviors to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency in the organization. Conclusion From the analysis of three journals about organizational culture and it impact, it can be concluded that culture is at the centre of employees behavior in an organization. Culture can be changed or designed to align with the organizations mission and objectives. Organizational culture also enables managers to increase effectiveness in the organization. Therefore organizational culture has positive significant impact on organizational performance and it the role of the management to shape the culture. References Ahmad, M. (2012). Impact of Organizational Culture on Performance Management Practices. Business Intelligence Journal January Impact Of Organizational Culture, 2012 Vol.5 No.1. Mohanty, J. And Rath, B. (2012). Influence Of Organizational Culture On Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Three-Sector Study. Global Journal of Business Research, Volume 6, P.Number 1. Nikpour, A. (2017). The impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: The mediating role of employees organizational commitment. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 6(2017), pp.65-72.